The Boundless Figures of Adam

Adam

 Illustration by Dami Mojid / THE REPUBLIC. Ref: NAZAR DYABLO.

 
the ministry of arts / books dept.

The Boundless Figures of Adam

In his debut poetry collection, Adam, the late Gboyega Odubanjo resists simply recounting the tragic plight of his subject, ‘Adam’, who is inspired by the unidentified Black boy whose torso was discovered in the River Thames in 2001.
Adam

Illustration by Dami Mojid / THE REPUBLIC. Ref: NAZAR DYABLO.

the ministry of arts / books dept.

The Boundless Figures of Adam

In his debut poetry collection, Adam, the late Gboyega Odubanjo resists simply recounting the tragic plight of his subject, ‘Adam’, who is inspired by the unidentified Black boy whose torso was discovered in the River Thames in 2001.

In the 1994 essay, ‘Three Acts of Criticism’, American literary critic, Helen Vendler, writes that ‘theme untransformed is theme unimagined.’ If there is one truth a poet must know, understand and embody in their poetic performance, it is the essence of this Vendlerian aphorism. Gboyega Odubanjo demonstrates this mastery in his new collection of poems, Adam, following commendable experiments in his earlier, shorter works. This truth is evident because the central character of the book—an unidentified boy between four and eight, named ‘Adam’ by the police, whose torso was discovered in the River Thames, London, on 21 September 2001—is not confined in Odubajo’s literary reimagination to the singular tragedy of the fate of Adam. Adam is not stretched out merely for the sake of thematic discursiveness, but rather for maximal symbolic transumption. Simply put, Adam becomes a rhetorical projection—a kind of poetic narrative complex. His name becomes the storied yet widely debated I, you and we of the poems in which he appears.

THE MULTIPLE FIGURES OF ADAM

In Adam, the late British-Nigerian poet, Odubanjo, sings in spiralling fervency. Emotionally complex and formally ambitious, the book informs us that we have come to the presence of something eviscerating, fascinating, uncanny and new. To quote Vendler, we have also come to the presence of something that ‘arouse[s] a glow of personal vividness within the language’. This is evident in the book’s introduction, in the poem, ‘The Garden’—an ironic nod to the garden of Eden—where shifting lyricism collides with an earthy spirituality:

it’s us eyebrow slitted in the archives standing on the corner of here and there living dead as we could ever.
living like free of air and full of ways to breathe. dead like literally under thames vibing pretty darkly our shades still on because this the night beneath the night.
the life beneath the living. this the land where streets are paved with cousins.
we so inherent in this matter.

Through a string of alternative personalities, the subject, Adam, acquires a mythical resonance in Odubanjo’s expansive, full-fledged reimagination. Even the eponymous poem, which traditionally might have been an introduction to the central theme of the book, does not succumb to the mere recounting of the tragic condition of its subject. Rather, the poem elects Adam as a maximizing tenor for the varied, even oppositional human propensities. The first propensity is a deep sense of gratitude inferred by the repetition of ‘thank you’ that echoes throughout the poem. This sense of gratitude is also literarily motivated, as without the discovery of the boy’s torso, ‘Adam’, the poem, as it exists today, would not have been possible. For the poet himself, ‘adam was where knowing began.’ The second is self-projection: the speaker cannot help but imagine himself as Adam—young, Black, a vulnerable stranger in and from a faraway land: ‘when i look at him at his self i know / he is from benin city i know.’ The third human possibility that Adam represents in the poem is our disposition to evil and it is here that the sense of gratitude—and, by extension, the poem—reaches an ironic apotheosis. In this chillingly understated passage, the speaker thanks Adam’s imagined traffickers:

thank you joyce who he was handed over to and who brought him to london who after years said this is ikpomwosa who a year later said actually this is patrick thank you joyce maybe before it all happened you heard the boy coughing and gave him medicine maybe the medicine put him to sleep maybe that’s when thank you for doing what you were told to do maybe telling them to make it quick telling them to start with his neck.

The quaint irony of this passage bleeds into the second and final stanza, where the speaker recounts how the police named the young victim Adam ‘because he was the first they’d seen’. Yet, as the speaker knows, he could not possibly have been the first, no matter how distinctive the description of his death: ‘because all of him was torso was body was ribs.’ The ironic implication is that other victims of the evil of human trafficking and ritual killings—both associated possibilities of Adam’s death—may not have died in this particular manner (dismembered, discarded and found in the Thames ten days later), the grim truth remains that Black immigrants, including children like Adam, continue to face murder. The objective of the book is addressed in this eponymous poem: the commendable ambition to endow this unknown boy with numerous identities, unified by the central thread of his innocence.

Adam
Figures of Adam. Illustration by Dami Mojid / THE REPUBLIC.

shop the republic

Another sets of Adam, distinct in their respective imaginative stance, appear in such poems whose titles imply the possible origins of the boy in Southern Nigeria—‘Makoko Adam’ and ‘Bronze Adam of Benin’. Perhaps, the most crucial Adam to the secondary aspiration of the book—which is the act of representation through measured reminiscence—is the one that appears in the poem, ‘The Lyric Adam’. This is the Adam of the imaginative truth that Odubanjo consistently seeks to convey in these poems—an Adam ‘most commonly understood as the objective form of adam’. An Adam who, due to his still undefined identity, becomes malleable to the diverse experiences the poet can manage, courtesy of his own eclectic and representative journey as a Black person in a foreign land: Britain. ‘London is a bit of me,’ the poet says in the poem, ‘London Is the Place for Me’. This Adam is akin to the Dantean Everyman, journeying through the layers of the chthonic planes and the Whitmanian ‘self’ which Harold Bloom interprets in The Western Canon as ‘an endlessly shifting series of identifications.’ The characterization of this Adam as Everyman is as follows: 

oh wondrous and unsurpassable felicity of adam—to whom it is granted to have and to be whatever.
adam—now—constitutes a unique authority. not consigned to limits of perspective nor to the limits of intimate or actual experience.
adam now sees the universality of adam.
everything of—and for—adam.
adam needs no subordinate or other.

Adam, Odubanjo submits, is so large, he contains his own otherness.

Odubanjo writes with a conviction and intentionality that yield stylistic consistency and energetic fervour, eclipsing the boldest self-aggrandizement, like Walt Whitman’s. In the book’s longest poem, ‘You: The Many Adams of Adam’, for instance, the ‘yous’ are not easily identified. Fraught with emotional complexities—nostalgia clashing with enthusiasm, pride holding hands with gratitude, delight standing akimbo to admiration—all anchored by recollections rich in specificity, the poem astounds with the range of its addressees. The poem’s primary addressee, the you, however, is Whitmanesque—encompassing multitudes: crush, lover, friend, hero, conscience, God, father and familial ‘who have you’. These figures are unified by the speaker, an Adam reliving the teeming multiplicity of the human experience through vivid memories of time spent together. To the penultimate Adam among the many Adams featured in the poem, ‘You: The Many Adams of Adam’—who might have been a sibling—the speaker, the central and reminiscing Adam, recalls with measured emotion one of the warmest moments in the book: the playful mischievousness of their childhood: 

do you remember the mannequins
how you swore to me that they were real people
steady in their lifelessness
and from a distance i believed you
thinking what it must be like to be so image
and still
i remember you
would disappear and the next thing i would see
was your face above a parapet of body
playing whoever you wanted to be that day

These are some of the figures of Adam, scattered throughout the book in their imaginative distinctiveness. 

shop the republic

shop the republic

shop the republic

THE IMPLEMENTS OF ORIGINALITY

The mastery of form is undoubtedly the fundamental tool of original literary imagination. Hence, no proper evaluation of Odubanjo’s collection can be made without an ample regard for his uncanny style, his cultivated form. Even if the ambitious imaginative expansion of his central character were a commonplace practice in contemporary poetry (it is not, by the way), Odubanjo approaches originality with an equally ambitious style, creating a strangeness that is not easily assimilated. For original poetry is inherently recalcitrant—resistant to duplication, much like good poetry, when the two are not synonymous. In Odubanjo’s poetic performance, however, ‘originality is more than a requirement [of his] . . . poetry’. To borrow the words of the inimitable Australian critic Clive James in ‘Two Essays on Theodore Roethke’, ‘it is a description of it.’

To begin assimilating the strangeness born of this originality, one approach is to consider Adam as Vendler describes poetry in ‘Three Acts of Criticism’: ‘prose written for maximum inefficiency.’ This view perfectly captures this distinction between prose and poetry, where the liberties that define poetry are abominable to prosaic efficiency. Vendler elaborates: ‘The well-known concision and even hermeticism of poetry (“real” poetry) stems precisely from this “inefficiency” in conveying information (while aiming at maximum efficiency in emotional kinaesthesia).’ This is where we arrive at what Odubanjo’s spiralling narrative structure (as in ‘A Story About Water’), catawampus energy (as in ‘Man’), indeterminate syntax (as in ‘Adam’s Law’) and disjunctive tones (as in ‘A Story Without Water’) accomplish—a maximum efficiency in emotional movement.

After the poet releases us from the chaotically disjointed, cynical, absurdist and disconsolate ambience of ‘Adam’s Law’—a poem that spits facts about Nigerian political realities, samples Dagrin’s verse in ‘Democracy’ and ends, rather marvellously, without a definitive ending—he grants us a brief reprieve, spanning three pages, to catch our breath. Yet, this respite is short-lived, as we are soon confronted by ‘Man’, with its ‘manic’ repetitiveness and restless alliteration. Kinetically energetic, rhythmically cohesive and disruptively compelling, the poem, ‘Man’, delivers maximum efficiency in emotional kinaesthesia. It builds intense emotions through its relentless wordplay, seamlessly aligning with its thematic focus on masculinity, power dynamics and identity. As the closing poem of the book, it also channels the energies of the preceding poems into a concentrated, emotionally charged finale that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. The final lines, which convey a sense of communal identity and ritual, culminate in an almost comical call for spiritual affirmation, reads:

go mano-a-mano with the badman
the mannish winner takes mansion and manilla
but if man know you then it’s just mandem innit
come nyam manna at the mangrove we the menace and
the manager singing mantra till the morning come
in the name of my man and my man somebody say amen

The poem, spelling both fervour and difficulty, functionally reiterates music as an ardent medium for the suggestion of meaning.

Good poetry, as Odubanjo demonstrates in this book, is that which, by taking itself seriously—even in disrupting conventions—illuminates rather than confounds our sense of its imaginative truth. Odubanjo’s uncanniness is particularly striking because the sheer force of the newness he discovers, perfects and sustains, concentrates our attention on his aspirations through the serious and energetic handling of their elements—from figurations to poetic language. Indeed, we have no option but to listen to the paradoxical music of experience, of devastating yet nostalgic introspections, that Adam plays. Hence, our attention is commandeered because Odubanjo employs a linguistic transference that unites us with an imaginative reflection of what is, at its core, our own reality. Throughout the book, Odubanjo asserts that we are Adam and Adam is us—not only in innocence, whether historical or moral, but also in boundless possibilities  

ADAM
GBOYEGA ODUBANJO
88 PP. FABER & FABER, JULY 2024
UNITED KINGDOM

shop the republic

BUY THE MAGAZINE AND/OR THE COVER