Illustration by Ekundayo R. Baiyegunhi / THE REPUBLIC.
THE MINISTRY OF ARTS / MUSIC DEPT.
The Endless Life of Onyeka Onwenu
Illustration by Ekundayo R. Baiyegunhi / THE REPUBLIC.
THE MINISTRY OF ARTS / MUSIC DEPT.
The Endless Life of Onyeka Onwenu
The phenom of the Nigerian female pop icon is almost impossible to call up in the public imagination before Onyeka Onwenu. This is, of course, an illusion of history. The Lijadu Sisters exist. Alongside Onwenu, Christy Essien-Igbokwe, Evi Edna Ogholi, and Tyna Onwudiwe made music. And in their waka genre, Batile Alake first, then Salewa Abeni. But it was Onwenu’s embodiment of this idea of the pop icon, in its unwieldy mix, that set her apart. If there had been an existing archetype for what she came to represent, it does not quite prefigure Onwenu. She had a singular aura and way of moving between modes and genres—soul, folk or pop.
Central to the image Onwenu cultivated early in her career was that close-cropped hair and its middle patch of grey which filled out as she aged. By her fifties, this was just how she looked—grand; as much a national symbol as Ladi Kwali on Kwali’s immortalizing currency, the 20 naira note. Approximating something of the regional allure of Cape Verde’s Cesáire Évora, the familial advocations of South Africa’s Miriam Makeba, and the appeal of, say, America’s Tina Turner doing the ‘What’s Love Gotta Do With It’ strut, Onwenu marshalled these disparate qualities into something that metaphorically amounted to the grace of a stallion. From the moment she debuted to the very last moments of her life—she died just after her final performance in July 2024—she inhabited stardom with this grace. A knowledge that her chosen audience would wait for her to arrive at a sound or an idea.
ONWENU’S SOUND
Imagining a cultural landscape shaped during the dictatorship years without acknowledging Onwenu’s influence would be historically inaccurate. The 1980s had its definitive sounds. Its disco, pop and folk against the backdrop of juju, fuji, afrobeat and Edo funk. It is in that marsh of sounds that Onwenu appears. The run that precedes ‘You And I’, one of the hit songs from her 1986 album, One Love, announced a new kind of intimation. Her lines, ‘Oh why don’t you stay? / Please make up your mind’, in ‘Iyogogo’ (Onyeka!, 1991) is suggestive in its tone. The hesitations in her version of a lover’s inquiry—‘he loves me, he loves me not’—more than yearning, reveal on a side note that the modern woman, however liberated, in foraying into love is doomed to straddle the show, don’t tell divide—at the risk of losing grace, that elusive feminine quality. There was the unmistakable feminist-womanist rejection of this idea running through her songs, occasionally made manifest in a call to action on African womanhood.
To the extent that a distinct Nigerian sound exists under a catchall term, Onwenu is instrumental in its creation. With the gentrification of this sound, however, there is a simplification of narratives for a global audience that is reshaping history. Within its spin, Onwenu’s impact does not quite enter global conversations on definitive terms, having not played to the West; her place in pop culture history, a footnote. But the soundscapes of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s—their ambient moods, visual archive, lexicon and chord progressions—belong as much to Fela Anikulapo Kuti’s frenetic Afrobeat as they do to Victor Uwaifo’s genre-blending style, the sounds of Sonny Okosun, King Sunny Adé, Rex Lawson and Victor Olaiya. They also belong to Christy Essien-Igbokwe, The Lijadu Sisters, Funmi Adams, Evi Edna Ogholi, Tyna Onwudiwe, Nelly Uchendu, Batile Alake and Salewa Abeni; the women who made music alongside these men, even if documentation has largely overlooked their contributions.
The music from that era sought to imagine a new charter for Nigerians, having come to terms with our dictator-run failed state. This existed alongside a heady, radicalizing pan-Africanism in easy-to-digest modules for the streets. For Fela, it bred in him an impulse that tended towards the prophetic. He made his own little republic in lieu of remaking the country completely in his image. His embodiment of this new charter, even if hectoring, was charismatic and total. This was the only way he saw to show Nigerians—and Africans by extension—how to save ourselves from our worst tendencies. Armed with his take on jazz, the African call and response lyrics, and Tony Allen’s innovative drum style, Fela had a reorienting effect that is now foundational to the Nigerian sound. In artists who later came to represent the newer ‘Afrobeats’, his source code— open to endless iterations—serves as a formula and blueprint. Yet, the history of the Nigerian sound is, in reality, far more complex, with varied preoccupations, influences and origin stories.
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ONWENU’S ART
For an artist like Onwenu, this instinct to reimagine Nigeria nearly a decade after Fela and his contemporaries, manifested in a series of defining moments. A return home from her studies at Wellesley College and the New School in New York in 1980; a job at the government-run National Television Authority (NTA), where she became the face and force behind the 1984 NTA and BBC government-critical documentary, Nigeria: A Squandering of Riches. She researched the piece, scripted it, wrote and sang its theme song.
In 1982, two years before Nigeria: A Squandering of Riches aired, Onwenu released her first LP, Endless Love. Her style was not necessarily an antithesis of what had come before her. She seemed to innately understand Nigerians as complex, dialectical people with many appetites. The Nigerians in Onwenu’s music, far from being overtly self-absorbed, engaged with their existential dilemmas in ways that transcended political chatter. In the title song of her album Dancing In The Sun, produced by Charly Boy, Onwenu addresses Nigerians as citizens of the world—umu uwa. The music video shows exactly what she means. We get scenes of Nigerians as carefree revellers, frolicking on the beach. Clad in costumes by Lady Diane, Charly Boy’s partner and frequent collaborator, Onwenu is carried on a palanquin by four muscular men. The mood is lusty, and she is, as the saying goes, ‘mother’. Onwenu’s music, its joys and her politics stemmed from the same source. She shared what she felt, declaring early in her career, ‘I’m not a politician. The story I have to tell is a personal one, about my hopes and fears for my country.’
Onwenu would take on a song about world peace and make it work as an imperative and trend. If she lent her voice to an anthemic song, it would be because she believed in the merits of reminding us of who we were and what defined Nigerians as a people. On a song to raise the public’s awareness on an issue, Onwenu would be just as clarifying as she filled you in on the urgent data. Of the songs in this fashion that have survived their time and purpose, or made it into a digital archive, ‘Peace Song’ stands out. In the same way she sang about social issues, she sang her love songs; the intensity of each moment communicated. What she had to say transcended sentiment. It had to do with morale. She had the ability to galvanize people in a way that was convincing. Nigeria, as it was characterized in her music, was endlessly redeemable. Even when the love object of Onwenu was a God of her making, as is the case in ‘Living Music’, her song sought to be more than praise, a reach for something more than the human.
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A QUEEN’S GAMBIT
To pick a masterwork from Onwenu’s discography would be a matter of when and where you first encountered her. In her early work, there is a versatile, genre-blending template that many artists of her time used. By her later albums, however, she seemed to shed this style in search of an atmosphere she worked out by stripping away much of her learned or Western influences, embracing a more experimental, authentic sound. A little less religion, a little more tradition, and a little less inhibition.
Far from a taste-making Lagos, across the country, you got the sense that Onwenu sought to speak the people’s yearning in relatable registers, even when she was singing in her Igbo dialect. Personally, too young to understand its messaging, it was her songs with King Sunny Adé—the first recorded duets by two Nigerian pop stars—that inducted me into her fandom. Although, these songs are now dated, they have aged in the way that pop songs made solely to proselytize for better or worse the talking points of their time, age.
If it is de rigueur for the big stars of any era to overtly share their politics with us or use them for political points, Onwenu’s political virtues were great because of how she embodied them. There is, however, a moment when her politics came close to hurting her image. In 1998, she inexplicably joined forces with Daniel Kanu, under whose direction the now infamous ‘1/2 Million Man March’ came together in support of the dictator General Sani Abacha and his quest to become president for life. She is now linked with this moment and what it represents in Nigeria’s history, having performed at a concert for this rally. A 2022 profile by The Africa Report mentions that she was tricked into this performance, stating that it had been sold to her as a fundraiser for the national football team by a fellow musician.
Onwenu’s career is, otherwise, stellar. Her persuasions are that of a pop star with wattage and ambition to spare, and an infinite ability to reimagine herself. When she chose, in one moment, to make a love song and, in another moment, a gospel song—sometimes within the same album or on occasion in separate projects—the question was never why but how she did it. She continued, for much of her career, to be explorative, playing often in the field of much younger artists. Decades into a career defined by hit songs, she starred in the Nollywood film, Conspiracy (1999), and continued to appear in Nollywood movies through the years. But her roles in Genevieve Nnaji’s Lionheart (2018) and Biyi Bandele’s adaptation of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun—in which she played Chiwetel Ejiofor’s (cast as Odenigbo) mother—now stand as crowning achievements. In the same vein, through the experimental decades that would form the basis of a new Nigerian sound, Onwenu continued to make new music. Her most recent was a feature on Phyno’s remake of her song, ‘Ochie Dike’. Burna Boy pays homage to her in his song, ‘Onyeka’, where she is the eternal muse.
ONWENU’S MEN
Onwenu’s public and private life did not mix, except perhaps in her music. One involved a career in which she introduced herself to the public as a singer, broadcaster, actress, an advocate for regulation in the music industry, and a beleaguered, if well-meaning, political figure. The press, without access to her private life, made up bits of her romantic history, some of which she refuted, wry and dignified. Onwenu did not have a love child with the juju singer, King Sunny Adé; but it is easy to see why a story like this exists. In her 1989 duet with King Sunny Adé— ‘Wait for Me’—they are perfect next to each other and at the height of their prowess. Sunny Adé, significantly more accomplished at the time, had asked Onwenu to write duets with him, on commission by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Johns Hopkins Population Communication Services (PCS) project. The two first met when their parts crossed at a Performing Musicians Association of Nigeria (PMAN) event.
Onwenu admitted in a 2016 Pulse TV interview to being star-struck by Sunny Adé. But performing together, they gave each other the regard of equals. This is perhaps what made them seem romantically linked. To imagine them through a Millennial or Gen Z lens, Sunny Adé would be an ally of sorts, and he and Onwenu would be meeting aura for aura. Even the peerless Fela was compelled by Onwenu. His 20-something wives notwithstanding, Onwenu claims that he asked her at one point to become his wife. This gesture came after she wrote an article in solidarity with him, during one of his many run-ins with the Nigerian government. In the impolitic sexism of Fela, one could imagine that this marriage proposal was meant to function as high approval, possibly some kind of imprimatur of her politics and her artistry. Onwenu did not know what to make of it, she admitted in an interview decades later. In recounting it, she found it amusing. She also dismissed the rumours that she had secretly married a former president.
In reality, Onwenu had two sons and a marriage, the details of which remained largely unknown until she published her memoir, My Father’s Daughter, in 2020. She identified most proudly as a daddy’s girl—and in her realpolitik, there was a correlation between this and her feminism. Onwenu also identified as a woman from Imo State’s Arondizuogu, but she was quintessentially Lagosian. She was a product of the city she made her home. But more than that, Onwenu was the kind of Nigerian whose knowledge of its failings ran as deep as her capacity to imagine and believe in its better version. In this way, she lived and died in service of a Nigerian ideal, unafraid to look at it for what it was. In her 1984 documentary, Nigeria: A Squandering of Riches—a kind of artist’s manifesto and portrait of a flailing young nation—Onwenu’s view is clear-eyed, and her verdict of the country is damning, then wistful in parts. It was released just in the wake of another corrective coup that put General Muhammadu Buhari in office; although the subject of the documentary was his predecessor, Shehu Shagari’s civilian government, and its misuse of Nigeria’s newfound oil wealth.
In the documentary, Onwenu becomes visibly irritated when stopped by customs officials for a search and questioning on a bridge from the airport. ‘We just don’t seem to be coping with modernity,’ she declares. At one point, Onwenu observes a blind street singer surrounded by a drifting audience. His job at his spot on a busy street, where she watches his performance, is singing about the hardness of the city, the moral decline of the city dweller, and urban decay in general. Onwenu comes out of that experience—still in her early thirties—seeking refuge. She does not find it in a fantasy of the city’s purification, moral and otherwise, but in a renewal of her faith in the essence of the Nigerian character—a hope shared by several of her documentary subjects, particularly the lawyer and industrialist Chief Chris Ogunbanjo. To this effect, Onwenu notes that the Nigeria plagued by moral failings ‘is no reflection of traditional Nigeria’, adding, ‘after all, it is not as if we are a people without aesthetic values.’
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THE FINAL ACT
Perhaps the true gift of Onwenu’s final years was the openness with which she met her audience, vocal about her most public and private triumphs. In one of her final interviews in 2022, she had just turned 70. She had lost none of that ability she had to make even the most ordinary of public appearances substantive. She sat reclined in a pink high-back chair—the sole focus of the interview. Occasionally, on a loop, a clip showed her striking poses for a photoshoot. Reminiscing, Onwenu recounted details of her days in New York where she had worked briefly as a tour guide at the United Nations headquarters. She spoke candidly about the details of an abusive marriage.
Onwenu teased details from her memoir and talked about her work with the National Centre for Women Development (NCWD), an appointment she had taken up in 2013 at the behest of former president, Goodluck Jonathan. This is her most defining political achievement. In a way that she had never let herself be perceived by her fans in public, Onwenu spoke with an unfamiliar openness. She measured her life as a public figure, woman, mother and lover—judging each one on its merits. With the wisdom of age, she offered aphorisms and advice, referring to herself as an ‘old girl’. She appeared as youthful as the woman who first addressed the nation in that early-career documentary.
The first time I saw Onwenu perform on stage, it was 2012. The event was a kind of literary soirée where she had been invited as the performing artist. She had just come off a series of unsuccessful attempts at reinventing herself as a grassroots politician. Reality may have fallen— to use her words—just short of that dream, but she was still regal. She sang the classics. We flocked to the stage. Once or twice, Onwenu came down to meet her audience. Or perhaps she did not at all. The years have obscured this memory. But it is impossible to articulate precisely how it felt to hear her sing ‘You And I’, standing right there within her orbit. To have watched her inhabit this stage, in her element, makes the fact of her transition less real. Her passing occurred just moments after she performed for a crowd of dignitaries at a birthday party on 30 July 2024. Among her audience were lifelong fans, including the opposition presidential candidate in Nigeria’s 2023 election, Peter Obi and the octogenarian celebrant, Dr Stella Chinyelu Okoli, the CEO of Emzor Pharmaceuticals. In a widely shared clip of this last performance, Onwenu descends to meet the crowd, dancing and communing with them. She has that great, half smile that is part of her act. The clip is too short to determine much but it gives us one of the last images we have of her, making her way up to her stage. Onwenu is careful but still nimble—grand and beautiful. This walk up, in step with everything else she did, now seems an act of sublimation⎈
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